May 2025: Community based Savanna Fire Management (SFM) Project Mobilization 
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With support from Maki Planet Systems (MPS) and International Savanna Fire Management Initiative (ISFMI), KWT's associated Ju/hoansi San and Bugakhwe San Communities in NG3 and NG1 were mobilized in preparation for planned pilot prescribed (Early Dry Season: EDS) burning activities in their traditional territories in Western NG3 and Western NG1 respectively. Traditional Elder Advisory Councils for traditional fire knowledge practices (see below), were also established to help guide implementation.  We also conducted some initial practical training and trial EDS burns and surveyed the areas to be burned to assess fuel loads and fine-tune our EDS burning plan of action.

The revival of traditional EDS burning, as practiced historically by the San in Kalahari savanna landscapes, is key to reducing annual carbon emissions resulting from problematic frequent late dry season (LDS) fires.  The scientifically-guided restoration of traditional EDS burning practices - after an absence from this landscape of more than 40 years due to strict no-fire policies - will result in a number of outputs:

• Reduction in frequency, extent and intensity of LDS fires, by reducing the dry fuel loads giving rise to such fires, through relatively "cool" EDS burns earlier in the year, thereby acting as firebreaks to prevent the ignition and spread of LDS fires;
• Reduction in annual carbon emissions to create carbon credit value, thereby enabling pathways to carbon finance to fund fire operations and support community employment and development needs;
• Restoration of vegetation structure and reversal of loss of the woody vegetation component especially large trees (important for carbon capture) as well as the restoration of ecological niche diversity for supporting a diversity of fauna; 
• Restoration of ecological functionality related to: plant diversity and production, pollination, seed dispersal and germination, nutrient cycling etc.  This in turn helps to promote community food security by promoting edible and medicinal plants diversity and production;
• Revival of traditional knowledge systems and custodianship of territorial resources to strengthen the occupation of and access to the traditional lands and resources needed to conserve cultural heritage, ensure sustainable livelihood development opportunities and achieve economic empowerment and self-reliance goals;
• Adaptation to the effects of climate change by using EDS fires to prevent LDS fires - which if left unchecked will become ever more harmful to the environment under the current climatic trends towards higher temperatures and delayed and more erratic and unpredictable rainfall patterns.

June- early August 2025:  Kalahari Crafts and Cultural Centre opening;  Pilot prescribed early burning and training in NG3 & NG1; Expedition to South-Eastern Angola.
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June started off with the opening of the Kalahari Crafts and Cultural Centre, a UNDP-funded project coordinated by our partners in Ghanzi District, Cheetah Conservation Botswana, in which Sandi Albertson has played a pivotal role in its conceptualization and design, as well as the training and capacity development of craft producers: the Centre will provide craft producers from Bere (GH11) and Kacgae, East Hanahai and West Hanahai (GH10), with much -needed access to consumer markets - mainly tourists using the Trans-Kgalagadi Highway linking South Africa, Botswana and Namibia.  
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With the permission and support of the Botswana Department of Forestry and Range Resources (DFRR), Robin Beatty of MPS (lead trainer and technical adviser), Thebe Sekora (Tsodilo SFM project) and KWT staff:  Ju/hoansi San and Bugakhwe San community members received intensive practical training in fire management and prescribed burning in Western NG3 and Western NG1 (see Map). The NG3 training was mainly carried out in June, coupled with some initial EDS burns, and then followed-up with EDS burns in July.  In NG1 both the training and EDS burning was done at the same time in late July and early August.  The burning was mainly done by way of ignitions using ground crews and patrol teams, supplemented by ignitions using aerial incendiary technology provided by Raindance Systems (Australia) from helicopters (Helicopter Horizons).   

NG3 fire operations:
June: training and initial burning;  July: follow-up burning.
This exercise was mainly intended to protect the Community's tourism operating area around Kagusi Camp as well as important bush food gathering areas around traditional San villages that were vulnerable to LDS fires on account of the accumulation of high fuel loads. Late rains and the resulting high grass moisture content made it challenging to ignite fires, hence the second phase done in July:  valuable experience was gained which will be carried through into the 2026 fire season. 

August - September 2025:
KWT finally completed its pipeline and outlet upgrades to the Eastern NG3 borehole (Morama), initiated under a grant from Save the Elephants (Elephant Crisis Fund) during the drought of 2024 (see previous Feb.2025 activity update post) and completed with further support from Peter and Vicky Stevens.  The Community once again experienced trespassing onto their Western borehole property by safari hunters intent on taking advantage of their wildlife conservation efforts to shoot elephants for profit: thankfully protests by the Community and intervention by their legal representatives discouraged the hunters from killing elephants this time.  In previous incidents where hunters shot elephants around this borehole, the resulting trauma experienced by the targeted bachelor herds resulted in the displacement - for many weeks - of all local elephant herds away from the borehole, closer towards water points in the conflict hotspots at villages 30km to the South, thereby increasing the risks to human life and property and defeating the vital role of this borehole in helping to mitigate human wildlife conflict.  The previous hunting incidents, which involved shooting lead bulls whilst together with other males in closely-knit bachelor herds, also led to increased aggression in the surviving bulls and incidents where local San community members who live and work in the project area, were almost fatally attacked.  Appeals to DWNP to prevent unsustainable quota hunting and the imposition of hunting on other stakeholders have fallen on deaf ears.  Sadly such incidents have characterised a never-ending saga, since the introduction of trophy hunting in NG3 in 2019, of disregard for due planning, legal and consultation procedures, repeated attempted land grabs of the borehole, and contempt for the rights of the affected San community and their wishes to conserve wildlife and protect their land and livelihoods - free from outside interference and imposed environmental abuse.  It is hoped that under the new Government of President Duma Boko that their voices will finally be heard in this matter.   

June 2025:  Angola survey of San communities
In the second half of June, Arthur Albertson and three KWT community staff members - including two elders who are amongst the last remaining expert Ju/hoansi San bow and arrow hunters - undertook an expedition to the Cuando and Moxico Provinces of Angola as an assignment for the Wilderness Project Foundation.  Our mission was to make contact with Vasekele San communities and investigate, inter-alia, traditional fire knowledge systems and how changes in fire dynamics have affected local livelihoods and ecological dynamics from a community perspective.  We will share more about our journey and findings in a further update on this post as soon as possible.

(This post is in the process of being updated and additional photo materials will also be added)

We realize that it is has been some time since our last activity update in November 2023. 2024 was an extremely busy year, especially in terms of our work out in the field - much of which was focused on coping with the severe drought conditions that were rapidly unfolding, with progressively accelerating impacts that were placing both people and migratory wildlife at critical risk.  Last year was one of Botswana’s worst droughts in the past 40 years, and it was characterized by a near complete failure of the 2023/24 rainy season, coupled with an unprecedented heat wave of >40°C temperatures, lasting three months (January to March 2024) during what would normally have been the peak of the rainy season. 
 
We are deeply grateful to our donors and partners for their support during this challenging time, which enabled us to keep our community based wildlife monitoring program going, and ensure that our two remote wildlife boreholes continued to operate optimally to cope with the accelerating water demand of migratory wildlife, including hundreds of elephants.

To recap, these are the outputs of the NG3 wildlife monitoring project as a whole:

• Provision of much needed employment to the indigenous San communities;
• Anti-poaching surveillance to help keep migratory wild life safe from commercial poaching syndicates and promote population recovery;
• Dry season water provision via KWT’s remote boreholes to mitigate loss of traditional dry season range access in areas where people now live, thereby also avoiding population losses associated with dehydration stress and conflict with humans;
• Conservation and revival of endangered traditional knowledge systems through active mentorship between elders and younger men during patrols and borehole monitoring work shifts;
• Gathering of wildlife spoor data to better understand the wildlife population dynamics, movements, sensitivities, feasibilities for sustainable use, and to assess wildlife densities and changes over time for the purposes of evaluating the success of this program over time in maintaining and improving biodiversity; (see link)
• Facilitate cross border wildlife movement and landscape connectivity by securing NG3 as an un-fragmented corridor, and continue monitoring cross border wildlife movements as an integral part of the monitoring program;
• By strengthening the program and replicating it in other areas and countries, an ideal foundation will be established for incorporating early burning emissions abatement work into these existing environmental monitoring activities, thereby reducing costs of fire management and ensuring long-term support and participation by the target community beneficiaries, who already culturally identify with the practice and rationale behind early burning.

 
Had it not been for this support, these vital conservation services would not have been possible, and there most certainly would have been severe dehydration stress, terrible suffering and likely loss of animal life during the 2023/24 drought.  The good news however, is that the rains finally arrived in mid-December 2024, breaking this drought and resulting in abundant grass growth and a good supply of dispersed seasonal water holes to enable these populations to recover physically and hopefully breed well this year.  Adapting to the severe and unpredictable consequences of climate change is imperative if we are to preserve our planet’s biodiversity.
 
Early stage, moderate drought period (March to August 2024):

• Peter and Vicky Stevens, Lis Leader, Lecia and Peter Foston, and Grant Wienand, for their valuable contributions towards Morama ("Eastern") wildlife borehole maintenance and operating costs.
• Thad and Sara Tucker for their incredible support to our Western NG3 wildlife monitoring teams and base camps and in particular the Western Wildlife borehole: Thad and his team also played a critical role in helping us to adapt to the emerging drought by installing a secondary (“western”) pipeline and water outlet to cope with rapidly increasing elephant pressure on the existing “eastern” pipeline and outlet.  

 
Late stage, severe drought period (September to December 2024):

• SAVE Wildlife Conservation Fund (Germany/Botswana), for their first response funding support in late September, enabling us to start dealing with a critical failure at our Western (G/hui!han) Wildlife Borehole, which suddenly placed hundreds of elephants and other wildlife at immediate risk of severe dehydration stress. Their donation covered repairs to a damaged pipeline and paid for new solar panels and a new submersible borehole pump.       
• Elephants Crisis Fund, an initiative by Save the Elephants and the Wildlife Conservation Network, through two (2) emergency grants enabled KWT to complete critical repairs to its Western Borehole, install the new solar borehole system, and fund operations and upgrades at both boreholes (Eastern (Morama) and Western (G/hui!han)) as well as KWT’s overall NG3 patrol program. This got us through the most critical time, ensuring we were able to cope with the accelerating wildlife water demand while waiting for the rains to arrive, and the remaining funds will cover our operations up to March 2025.
• Future for Elephants, for their sponsorship in December 2024 of a 15m x 15m solar powered electric fencing installation around the Western borehole, to help prevent elephant tampering with the borehole panels and piping, which unless prevented can prove disastrous to the operation of the boreholes and outflows to the outlet points.

 
We also are grateful for support from Maki Planet Systems (Maki) for helping to cover costs of the wildlife monitoring program during early to mid 2024, in addition to the main objective of KWT’s collaboration with Maki and the International Savanna Fire Management Initiative (ISFMI), which is to promote the participation of local communities in the carbon markets through establishing community Savanna Fire Project areas:  This aims to establish fire carbon credit value in areas affected by frequent unseasonal wildfires, by implementing “early burning” based on age-old hunter-gatherer traditional knowledge systems, which reduces dry fuel loads (leading to fewer large fires in the hottest and driest time of the year), while also reducing annuals emissions – thereby essentially creating a carbon credit value.  This has great potential as a game changer for financing community-led conservation programs and livelihood initiatives, thereby incentivizing wise resource custodianship and governance, habitat restoration and coexistence with wildlife. It also will ultimately reduce the pressure on donors, tourism enterprises and Government (social welfare programs) to fund conservation and sustain local communities in semi-arid areas.  Currently we are participating in a fellowship training program in Northern Territory, Australia sponsored by the Australian Government and hosted by the ISFMI, entitled “Supporting enabling environments for emissions reductions savanna fire management (Southern Africa and Indo-Pacific)” which will impart on KWT and other Botswana delegates (Department of Forestry and Range Resources (DFRR)) valuable experience and skill enabling us to collectively work towards establishing successful community savanna fire project areas in Botswana, for emissions abatement, habitat restoration and sustainable livelihood development through long-term financial arrangements linked to the carbon markets.  ISFMI and Maki will play a key technical and support role together with KWT, DFRR and other community stakeholders.
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Other KWT activities:
 
NG3/NG2 wildlife data analysis:
With support from WWF and Maki and other donors in early 2024, we were able to analyze a portion of our accumulated wildlife spoor data (gathered by way of the community monitoring patrols) to generate species density estimates for the survey areas as well as NG3 as a whole, and produce a variety of mapping outputs to show wildlife species density gradients along the surveyed routes.  We have posted these mapping materials here.  The results will be compared with other years and seasons to identify long-term trends, once additional funds have been secured.  Preliminary findings indicate that our project has been effective in promoting overall wildlife population recovery (unlike most other unprotected wildlife habitats in Botswana, where poaching is rampant), with healthy breeding populations, relatively safe from poaching gangs, now established in large parts of NG3, including for a number of IUCN red listed species.  KWT is thankful to our technical partner, Marie-Charlotte Gielen for her hard work in analyzing our data, generating species density estimates and mapping the results.  This work is also an impressive tribute to the hundreds of man hours spent by our hardy San patrol teams on a monthly basis doing their 2 to 3 week long foot patrols under challenging conditions to capture this data from the depths of the NG3 wilderness.
 
Conservancy and CBO establishment:
KWT is also in the final stages of setting up three legal entities (Community Based) to empower target communities, some of whom are San, to engage in sustainable use of their ancestral lands in portions of areas NG1, NG2 and NG3.  Through a diversified, scientifically based and traditional-knowledge guided land use approach, these entities and their constituent communities are aspiring towards self-reliance with regard to the decision-making and use and management of their natural and cultural resources.  Early burning emissions abatement, tourism, wildlife monitoring and low-impact traditional subsistence gathering and hunting are envisaged to be the core activities generating revenues and livelihood income for these communities.  Habitat and biodiversity restoration, food security, education, cultural preservation, economic empowerment and capacity development are the long-term intertwined goals of these target communities.  We wish to also thank Random Good Films for their efforts in completing a film documenting the hopes and struggles of the Khwe in protecting their culture and traditional way of life and their endeavors to secure legal custodianship over ecologically-intact remaining portions of their traditional territories in western NG1, which are currently threatened by fires, land grabs and poaching disturbances:  In this regard KWT also hopes to raise funds to implement a community based wildlife monitoring program modelled on its established program in NG3.
 
Oral History program:
We would also like to acknowledge the support of Megan Biesele and the Kalahari Peoples Fund, who support our work in recording endangered knowledge systems of the Ju/hoansi San in NG3.  The project also provides support to “G!haimm” otherwise known as the “healers camp” which was set up several years ago with the help of KWT to enable surviving Cgaegcae healers to have a free and private space on their ancestral lands (outside of the settlement environment) to reinforce their healer skills and pass on knowledge to younger community members and other apprentices – free from disturbance and commercial exploitation.  A number of ancient hunter-gatherer skills are in danger of becoming extinct unless a concerted effort is made to urgently revive and transfer these skills to younger generations.  KWT needs support to further develop this program and replicate it in other areas threatened by loss of traditional knowledge.  An aim is to restore the rightful place of these ancient skills in the local communities, so that future generations can continue to benefit from these important elements which are essential to their identity, harmony and well-being as San. 

Savanna Fire Forum 18th to 20th Feb 2025, Darwin Convention Centre:

KWT patrol team 2023 routes and 2023 dry season mapped data and species density estimates:

All indications are that we are entering another drought cycle, with the looming possibility of the rains arriving late and falling far short of what is needed:  To prepare for this and cope with the rising wildlife water demand (which our current boreholes cannot meet), we need urgent funding support to equip up to two unused boreholes in proximity to Morama with solar powered pumps, and to upgrade the G/hui!ahn borehole to also pump at night using a generator (as Morama borehole already does).  If you would like to lend support, please direct your enquiry to us at [email protected] 

Program overview:

With financial support from the World Wildlife Fund (August 2021 to June 2023), KWT was able to much more adequately resource, train and support its already-existing wildlife monitoring teams (first initiated in 2019), to consistently and reliably implement spoor data collection and anti-poaching surveillance on a monthly basis in Western Ngamiland. 

The Botswana portion of the Ngamiland-Khaudum Wildlife Dispersal Area (WDA), encompassing NG1 to NG5 and the western parts of NG7, NG8 and NG9 (see MAP below), comprises over 3 million hectares of wildlife habitat essential to cross-border landscape connectivity: in the envisaged KAZA (Kavango-Zambezi) Transfrontier Conservation Area.  This overlooked WDA area has immense potential for development of community based conservation and tourism implementation and for the recovery of its migratory wildlife biomass, yet KWT is the only conservation agency actively involved on the ground in conserving this landscape and supporting the development of conservation based livelihoods.

Involving remote Ju/hoansi San communities of NG3 and NG2, the monitoring program enables small teams to do regular long distance foot patrols along a 50km section of the border fence-line with Namibia (i.e. along the Northeastern boundary of Nyaenyae Conservancy and the Southeastern boundary of Khaudum National Park), and across vast stretches of adjacent habitat inside NG3 and NG2.   Up to 45 men are involved on a rotational basis, typically with three 4-man teams concurrently embarking on separate foot patrol routes, every month, each patrol lasting up to 13 days.  Departing from KWT's field base camp at Xaosha (13km north of Dobe), these bush-wise teams each cover hundreds of kilometres of remote terrain each month, carrying all their own camping equipment, food and water in backpacks (supplemented by wild plant foods they gather from the veld along the way), and navigating to strategic water resupply points before returning to base camp.  Patrols are also done right across NG3 (over 1 million hectares in extent), and between KWT's boreholes located in the western and eastern extremities of NG3.

Since July 2023, the project has been challenged by lack of funding support which has forced KWT to scale down its patrol program, however timely donations from Somarelo Trust and Wilderness Wildlife Trust, have helped to keep the two strategic wildlife boreholes operational.  The program is now transitioning towards carbon market based financing, with the assistance of the Australian-based Maki Planet Systems (affiliated to the International Savanna Fire Management Initiative), which is working towards helping KWT to reinstate and expand its patrol activities and could potentially lead to longer-term support. 

Other regular contributions include: Future for Elephants, which sponsored the replacement of the Morama borehole pump with an upgraded pump and solar system in 2022;  Mr. Onakitso Matenanga (owner of Mogotho cattlepost) for his logistical support and resupply services to Morama borehole; and Mr. Thad Tucker of Mahopa for his support to G/hui!ahn borehole and Xaosha base camp operations.  

Last but not least, the KWT assistant program coordinator Mr. Dahm Xixae and the patrol manager Mr. Kashe Nxauwe, for their hard work and involvement in coordinating and supporting the community field activities. 

This program has the following outputs:

1.  It provides vital employment for many San families who otherwise have no employment opportunities in this remote region:  Combined community earnings for this part-time monitoring work totals around P200,000 per annum when the program is fully operational.  

2.  It has been highly effective it deterring poaching in NG3 by bushmeat poaching syndicates, through the ability of the teams to rapidly relay intelligence via satellite phones to KWT and the Botswana Department of Wildlife and National Park's Anti poaching Unit.  As a result of KWT's presence, NG3 and Southern NG2 are relatively well-safeguarded and the wildlife populations in these areas are stable and not suffering poaching related declines, as is the case elsewhere in Western Ngamiland.  

3.  The two KWT-operated strategic wildlife boreholes (Morama and G/hui!ahn) are critically important to promoting wildlife dispersal (including cross-border) and to sustaining wildlife in the dry season and their continued operation is essential to avoiding drought-related wildlife losses and to maintaining operational presence to deter the entry into NG3 of bushmeat poaching syndicates.

The boreholes also plat a vital human wildlife conflict mitigation role, in particular by providing alternative drinking water to elephants in remote areas, thereby ensuring that they do not venture into populated farming areas.   Since 2019, both boreholes have been critically important in stopping elephants from visiting cattleposts and villages in search of water, which prior to the start-up of the boreholes was resulting in frequent and costly damage by elephants to farming borehole infrastructure and water tanks, 
 
Staff maintain daily records of wildlife visits to these boreholes, based on spoor recordings, dating back to their operational start-up in 2019:  This data is useful to understanding wildlife population growth trends, seasonal use dynamics, competitive effects and other behavioural responses.

4.  The patrol spoor data collected on a monthly basis is in the process of being analyzed by KWT and its technical partner (Marie Charlotte-Gielen) to generate wildlife species density estimates for NG3.  This will enable more effective management of natural resources in an area where no other entity is gathering wildlife data and where the aerial census data typically used by DWNP is outdated and too unreliable to be of practical use.   The host communities wish to demonstrate their ability to conserve and monitor their natural resources to enable their effective and meaningful participation in decision-making processes related to use of resources in their traditional areas.

5.    Traditional knowledge in danger of disappearing is being revived through the transfer of tracking and other skills from elders ("senior trackers") to younger team members.  Many settlement based youths, previously unemployed and with no or very minimal traditional knowledge, are now proud and proficient trackers able to use their skills to support their families.
  

This is a short message to notify everyone that we will update the website as soon as possible to reflect activities undertaken since our last post and the ongoing activities of KWT.  We have been extremely busy with KWT project work and being so much in the field and dealing with crucial issues, we have not been able to attend to our social media updates.  Our apologies and thank you for your interest in our work.

We realize it's been some time since our last activity update in August 2020!  Rest assured we have been very active on the ground throughout the intervening time.  September to December 2020 was a challenging time out at the wildlife boreholes in NG3 when an accelerating influx of large numbers of elephants required modification / reinforcement of the borehole infrastructure to ensure its protection from elephant damage and a constant clean water supply for all wildlife.  We also had to implement night-time pumping using a generator at the Eastern (Morama) borehole to cope with the 24H water demand of thirsty visiting elephant bachelor and breeding herds. 

Employment of local game guards to maintain a presence at the boreholes and gather data on wildlife has also been continuous (even throughout the peak rainy season), and we have maintained our monthly field trips to supply food, pay salaries, rotate staff members, collect data and attend to repairs.  Wildlife populations continue to slowly recover in NG3 as a result of this conservation management, but there are now a number of new emerging threats that we are very concerned about (see below).  After an exceptionally good rainy season (December 2020 to March 2021), conditions are drying out once again and the critical role of these boreholes - in helping to reduce human-elephant conflict in populated areas, and in terms of providing safe refuge and water access for all wildlife - is again becoming manifest.  Thanks to Lion Recovery Fund (Wildlife Conservation Network), for support over those crucial months, and for the additional support from Elephants Without Borders, Future for Elephants, Morama Trust and Mike and Karen McCune.  A special thanks also to Frank Gasefele and Rentsi Obuseng of Bush Diamond Safaris for their hard work since December 2020 in assisting with the monthly resupply trips out to the NG3 boreholes and the communities involved in our projects.

Keeping the communities employed in this way has been very much part of our Covid relief strategy, as has been education, health and medical support (e.g. provision of food and vitamin supplementation).  With the opening up of Botswana once again to international tourism we look forward to again being able resume securing tourism bookings for the Kagusi Wilderness Campsite and to the resumption of tourism income streams for the Xaranxago (!Harin//axo) community.

In November 2020, in collaboration with Dr. Megan Biesele (a pioneering anthropologist whose working relationship with the Ju/hoansi spans 50 years) and the  Fire Bird Foundation, we initiated an unique Ju/hoansi oral history recording and traditional healer training project centered around Botswana's last surviving 'master' Ju/hoansi healers:  The project recognizes the urgent need for these masters to pass on their skills on to younger generations, to avert its imminent extinction, which would be a great loss for all of humanity.  We have identified all the surviving practitioners of this ancient knowledge system (who are less than 10 in number) as well as apprentices (trainees, mostly younger persons) and we are assisting in creating regular opportunities for Ju/hoansi-only healing ceremonies (dances) involving the training of those apprentices.  We do this by networking with the healers (who live in different scattered localities), organizing the healing dances, and providing the necessary transport and subsistence support for these gatherings, in addition to other forms of support.  The approach is non-invasive (as outsiders we prefer not to intrude on these sacred ceremonies) and designed to empower the Ju/hoansi to take the lead in their knowledge conservation process, based on their own growing realization of the dangers of lack of inter-generational knowledge transfer and how the commercialization of "trance dancing" has undermined its authenticity and function as a powerful tool for Ju/hoansi spiritual growth and achievement of social harmony.   As entering into the trance state in healing ceremonies is physically very taxing, it has health impacts on the more elderly healers, particularly if done on a regular basis for commercial tourism display purposes, and their preference is to be able to reserve their remaining energy for helping their own kind and ensuring the skill is strengthened within their extended family circles.  Commercial exploitation of the eldest (and most knowledgeable) healers by tourism entities and members of the general public seeking magical cures to ailments, has certainly had negative health impacts and exacerbates the risk of contracting Coronavirus.  In this regard we have assisted some of the healers and related family members in their endeavour to return to traditional territorial localities outside of the settlements, to improve their access to nutritional bush food supplies (for improved health), and so as to create for themselves a more independent and freer environment where they can dedicate focused time towards imparting their skills on other Ju/hoansi.  In the 5 months since this project was initiated there has been a noticeable improvement in the health, energy levels and sense of well-being and purpose of these elders.  Our field team also undertakes digital audio recordings of interviews related to their life stories and traditional knowledge, which are then sent to the Tsumkwe transcription group in Namibia for processing.  Considering the advanced age of the master healers, this project represents possibly the last opportunity to prevent the extinction of one of humankind's oldest skills - a skill which also has great significance to the reawakening of our own long-forgotten energetic connections with the natural world.  Mike and Karen McCune have also kindly lent support to this important project.

Other activities, concerns and planned work:

Throughout this time we have also been supporting the Ju/hoansi San communities in their perpetual struggle to obtain recognition of and respect for their ancestral land rights by local Government structures in particular the Tribal Land Board, and to lobby for the protection of their territorial lands and wildlife resources from environmentally-harmful and fraudulent land allocations, as well as other development threats - an ongoing effort that takes up vast amounts of our time and remains unfunded.  If we can secure the funding, we hope this year to undertake a detailed cultural inventory (by employing the participatory land mapping methodology we've developed over many years of land mapping work in the Central Kalahari) to strengthen their case for the protection of remaining undeveloped territorial lands from allocations to outsiders (who are often involved in criminal activity such as bush-meat poaching), and to promote sensible land use planning and sustainable use of the  natural and cultural heritage resources of these areas for the primary benefit of the bona-fide traditional occupants.

In our capacity as ecological consultants (under Arthur Albertson Consulting), we also coordinated ground (wildlife spoor based) surveys of veterinary fences for AHEAD (Animal Health for the Environment and Development), which is closely collaborating with the Department of Veterinary Services (DVS) and National Committee on Fences in identifying viable opportunities for removal, realignment and modification to fences so as to reduce impacts on migratory wildlife.  Whilst doing this survey work in December 2020, we also became aware of efforts by DVS to repair the border fence (after a period of no maintenance of this fence of around 20 years) resulting in the closing of gaps (broken down sections) used by wildlife as regular crossing points:  The affected communities and KWT quickly took action by engaging with DVS to explain the sensitivities and so far the response has been positive in that repair work has been halted, thus keeping these crossing points intact for now.

Another serious threat to the wildlife resources of NG3 now comes in the form of hunting: Quotas have been allocated for hunting in NG3 in spite of many communities strongly objecting to it on the basis of safety, ecological and operational concerns.  The stakeholders are hopeful of persuading DWNP to reverse its decision in favour of a non-consumptive approach to using local wildlife resources, which are low in number and need to be habituated around existing and planned wildlife boreholes so they can be used on a sustainable basis by community tourism enterprises.  In this regard, the Heritage Trail (See 29th July 2020 activity post) is nearing the start-up of the implementation phase, which will see the planning and set up of three community based tourism enterprises, namely at: Mahopa, Nxau-nxau and Shaikarawe. 

We are also pleased to announce our partnership with Cheetah Conservation Botswana (CCB) and Conserve Global for supporting the Xwiskurusa Natural Resources Conservation Trust in managing the GH10 Wildlife Management Area (their almost 1million hectare lease areas since 2006).  As part of this engagement, we will be coordinating territorial land and resource mapping, developing an updated land use management plan, implementing wildlife monitoring (expanding on CCB's conservation performance payment activities funded by Lion Recovery Fund) and initiating tourism developments.  UNDP's Kgalagadi & Ghanzi Dry Lands Ecosystem Project currently underway, aims to strengthen the natural landscape and wildlife connectivity between the Central Kalahari Game Reserve and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park and our partnership in GH10 is very much aligned with that objective too. Both UNDP and CCB (with support from KWT), have also helped the Xwiskurusa Trust in transition from a near defunct status to a position of relative strength and that process is ongoing.   Development of craft production capacity in GH10 and the adjacent GH11 (also a wildlife management area) is also a key focus, which is being coordinated by Sandi Albertson. We will share much more on all this with you in due course.

Please scroll down for a selection of images from each month since our last update (August, 2020):
(move cursor over images to see captions)

Firstly, some archival photos from July 2020, which was a particularly good month for camera trap wildlife imagery: Much of this wildlife is dependent on being able to cross over gaps in the fence along the Botswana-Namibia borderline (Western NG3) which lies close to and west of the Western borehole.

March 2021:  KWT participation in workshops held at Bere and Kacgae together with the GH10 and GH11 Community Trusts in Ghanzi District (organized by our partners Cheetah Conservation Botswana) for purposes of planning 2021 conservation activities.  Craft producers and their products were also identified in preparation for planned craft production capacity development.

February 2021: 

January 2021:

December 2020:

November 2020:

October 2020:

September 2020:

A quick alert by satellite phone from our Morama ("Eastern") borehole staff of a poaching incident in progress at around 00:30 on Saturday morning (1st August) enabled us to alert the Department of Wildlife's Anti Poaching Unit, which swiftly responded and was able to track down and surprise, later that day, a 5 man poaching gang. Two were arrested and the three that escaped were arrested the following day. When confronted they were in the process of drying the meat of an eland antelope they had killed during the night close to Morama using a shotgun and dogs.  It is rare that poachers are caught red handed, with incriminating photo evidence secured that can lead to their conviction.  This is the first poaching incident we have had in the area around Morama since activating the borehole last year, and although sad to lose this eland, the arrest of these poachers is a significant achievement in the battle against organized crime and the bushmeat trade.  It will also help a great deal to deter any future poaching attempts in eastern NG3. This incident emphasizes the valuable surveillance and crime fighting role played by our community based wildlife monitoring programme in these otherwise unmonitored remote areas in Western Ngamiland.  The dedication of both the community wildlife monitoring team members, and the DWNP's Anti Poaching Unit, is impressive and highly commendable and this is a great example of what happens with good team work!

Our last news update (see 8th April entry below) coincided with the start of a strict two month nationwide lockdown in response to Covid-19, and not being in direct contact with our field teams, we used the time constructively to complete the WWF-Namibia sponsored Khaudum-Ngamiland Wildlife Dispersal Area Heritage Trail:  Feasibility Study (Final Report), in May 2020.  We hope to make parts of this study accessible soon, but for now the map below highlights some of the study's main proposals.  In a nutshell: a new 750km adventure 4X4 route linking up with a number of proposed new wildlife / wilderness and cultural tourism activity nodes (see red and green markers in map), will provide nature-orientated visitors with access into a largely unknown and unutilized wilderness area of around 4 million hectares in extent!  

This community based initiative has been planned in close consultation with local communities: their traditional knowledge systems are central to its planning and to the planned showcasing - in the envisaged tourism activities along the trail - of the traditional culture and ways of life of local San (Bugakhwe; Ju/hoansi), Herero and other ethnic groups.  It will comprise a collective of tourism activity areas exclusively owned by these communities, but marketed and operated in partnership with the private sector, which will offer a level of wilderness and cultural immersion and authenticity that is increasingly hard to find, and as a result increasingly sought after by travellers.  Above all, the Heritage Trail project will empower communities to diversify their livelihood base, and to own and sustainably manage their natural resource base.

Faced with the current pandemic-era related challenges, we have formulated a holistic approach to tourism implementation that will target the more resilient local and international (self-drive and mobile safari) tourist markets, whilst also facilitating opportunities for human-wildlife conflict mitigation and the sustainable consumptive use of natural resources.  Use of wildlife boreholes (more are planned to the ones we already operate), early winter rotational burning (to reduce hot unseasonal fires and promote vegetation recovery), reduced livestock stocking levels, and facilitation of community access to areas rich in edible, nutritious wild plant food resources, are just some of the integrated aspects relating to the identified focal areas. 

Careful cognizance has been taken of the need to avoid negative impact on the wilderness and cultural sensitivities and where feasible these attributes will be strengthened, as ultimately they are - in combination with one another - the critical "USPs" (unique selling points) that will enable sustainable tourism to succeed in this remote area.  The project mission statement is to "address the inter-dependent conservation and poverty eradication challenges through the development of a viable and attractive tourism product, linking the Khaudum Ngamiland Wildlife Dispersal Area's natural and cultural attributes."    Financial support is needed to implement the next phases in partnership with local communities, starting off with three of the identified 12 focal priority areas (nodes).  For more information on how you can support this initiative, please contact us at [email protected].

Below are some selected photos from our field work activities in June and July, centered around the /Gui!han (western) and Morama (eastern) wildlife boreholes equipped by KWT last year (see previous blog updates).  Currently about 20 community members from five community localities are employed on a part-time or full time basis to maintain and monitor these boreholes and surrounding wildlife habitats.  This income is vital to them and their families, especially now that Covid has resulted in cancelled tourism bookings. 

You can help to mitigate the Covid economic impact by donating towards our community wildlife monitoring program, and in so doing - aside from generating livelihood income - you will be helping to ensure the continued rehabilitation of a globally significant migratory wildlife corridor linking Botswana's Okavango Delta to Namibia's conservation areas (Khaudum National Park and Nyae-nyae Conservancy).  Our plan is to adequately fund and equip the community field teams and to expand the program even further so as to employ more people, from more communitites, and increase the total extent of wildlife habitat (including 100km of the international borderline) under monitoring surveillance and community protection.   Please contact us for more details on how to assist ([email protected]):  all donations go directly towards supporting activities on the ground, where it matters the most!

We wish to also thank Morama Trustee Mr Peter Stevens for his recent fundraising effort and donations via Dambari Wildlife Trust (UK), which  contributed towards the operating costs of the Eastern (Morama) wildlife borehole.

We are also open to bookings for 2021 for the Hunter Gatherer Experience centred around Kagusi wilderness campsite:  this is a unique, low-volume (low impact) cultural and wilderness immersion experience led by the most independent and subsistence-based Ju/hoansi San remaining in Botswana, which directly contributes to household incomes for families from four nearby localities and helps to generate funds for KWT's community livelihood and conservation programs.  As with the community wildlife monitoring, this tourism enterprise is thus integral to encouraging preservation of wildlife habitat, the transfer of traditional skills to younger generations, and to preventing the influx of cattle owned by outsiders (not from these communities).

By the boreholes operating in these remote localities, they serve a vital role in helping to alleviate human-wildlife conflicts, especially with regards to elephants, by attracting wildlife away from unsafe human populated areas.  Last year,  by opening up these new water points, we helped to reduce drought-related wildlife die-off when most of the Okavango Delta floodplains were bone dry: this action saved possibly hundreds of wild animals in the process, and enabled the surviving populations to bounce back strongly this year, in terms of their physical condition, behaviour and population recruitment (young being born and surviving).   They also serve an increasingly vital function as relatively safe refuge for elephants, zebra, eland, gemsbok, roan, hyena, leopard and other free-ranging species in an ecosystem that - although still vast and wild - is becoming increasingly impacted, on its peripheries, by human population expansion, which is undermining migratory wildlife access to traditional dry season home range areas.   In a sense we now need carefully considered artificial intervention, in order to conserve an increasingly human-impacted ecosystem.  This is the reality affecting most of Earth's remaining wild places. 

Furthermore, by promoting non lethal methods of human-wildlife conflict mitigation, and sustainable community based tourism and non-commercial resource use (wild plant foods being a major unused food resource for example), we aim to create replicable models that can be supported by local communities and which can demonstrate that safari (trophy) hunting and costly lodge-type tourism developments (which are at any rate impractical in remote semi-arid areas), are unnecessary to the effective conservation this fragile, semi-arid wilderness.

Other work engagements in remote community areas (also requiring further funding support), includes: oral history recording, territorial land mapping, Covid related education, prevention and support (sanitizing stations for visitors, distribution of masks, medicines and food support to reduce unnecessary contact with large settlement populations and the health risks when such contacts are made).  Countering attempted land grabs of Ju/hoansi traditional lands is also an ongoing challenge requiring sustained focus, and support.
  

Western Ngamiland update: 

In March we undertook a routine visit to our NG3 wildlife borehole project areas and the communities in NG3 and NG2 engaged in maintaining and monitoring those areas - but this time with the additional urgent imperative of alerting the communities to the dangers posed by the coronavirus (Covid-19) and how to prepare for its potentially devastating impacts. 

Awareness of Covid-19 is relatively poor in remote areas.  In engaging them on this topic we covered the basic preventative measures and emphasized the critical need to avoid contact with settlement areas during the national lockdown period.  By implementing localised livelihood support projects (e.g. wildlife monitoring, tourism, craft purchases) we are helping to make it feasible for the remote communities to remain relatively isolated, deep within their traditional territorial lands - and to avoid the need for regular contact with large settlements to seek employment and essential supplies / services.  Our protocol has always been to bring supplies and services to where the remote communities prefer to live, which is ideally suited to the current Covid-19 isolation / lockdown strategy, and we will endeavour to continue doing so regardless of the future outcome with this virus.  More follow-up work is planned to ensure they will have adequate medical and supplementary food supplies during the months to come. 

During our routine visits to the NG3 borehole areas, our work usually involves:  rotating assigned staff (who work in shifts of up to 8 weeks at a time), resupplying them with consumables and facilitating wage payments (partly in cash and partly in ordered goods);  acquiring and assessing wildlife monitoring data;  overseeing the maintenance of the sites and borehole equipment.  In the case of the Eastern borehole, additional pumping is done using a generator in the dry season to cope with increased water demand from elephants.  The community managed boreholes are proving to be extremely useful in terms of:
1.  Generating livelihood income for local communities in a remote, undeveloped region where unemployment is rife.
2.  Fostering a sense of pride in local custodianship over natural resources and the development of positive attitudes towards wildlife.
3.  Reducing human-wildlife conflict through alternative water provision for wildlife in remote areas and building up prey base populations for        predators (thus reducing the need for them to venture into livestock areas).
4.  Facilitating wildlife dispersal across the western Ngamiland landscape and across the border between Botswana and Namibia: this helps to alleviate wildlife pressure on habitats in increasingly constrained conservation areas in Namibia whilst at the same time rehabilitating wildlife numbers in the vast under-populated natural habitats located inside Botswana, through the influx of wildife into Botswana from Namibia.
5.  Mitigating the loss of access to dry season ranges along the Western fringes of the Okavango delta due to expanding human populations there - by providing remote and safe alternative areas where migratory wildlife can access drinking water in the dry season (April to December).  Zebra and roan in particular have benefited from this, as have predator populations (wild dog, hyena, leopard etc).
6.  Buffering the risk of wildife die-off  in drought periods:  the boreholes were a life-saver not only for water sensitive species such as  zebra, roan and kudu but also for arid-adapted species such as gemsbok which were also suffering acute dehydration stress in 2019 due to successive back to back droughts which led to their forage being extremely low in moisture content.
7.  Improving and semi-habituating the wildlife resource base, which is essential to the development of viable and marketable community based tourism initiatoves across the Western Ngamiland region.

We would like to thank the Kalahari Peoples Fund, Mike McCune and Karen Smith-McCune for their recent donations towards the costs of our community support work in Western Ngamiland.  Paul Sheller kindly assisted us by carrying out vital resupply trips to staff at the NG3 boreholes in December 2019 and January 2020. 

Western Ngamiland March 22nd to 28th photo gallery - Click on each photo for caption:

Central Kalahari Game Reserve update:

Further to our previous post containing images from the first leg of the CKGR portable rainharvester (PRH) installation phase, here are some images from the final trip ending in late March. In all we successfully installed 10 new PRH devices - two in each of the main CKGR villages (Molapo, Metsiamanong, Mothomelo, Gope and Gugamma).  The devices were extremely well received now that the communities have had first hand experience in the operation and importance of these "strange" contraptions since we installed the original 5 units in April last year.  The provision the additional (new) 10 units has made it possible to allocate at least one PRH device to each of the main family groupings in each CKGR village, thereby reducing the potential for political tensions between different ethnic groups in accessing them.  We also used our time in the CKGR to promote awareness of Covid-19 prevention measures and the need for the communities to avoid visiting the settlements outside the Reserve during the current high risk period. 

We would like to thank De Beers for kindly covering our costs in manufacturing, supplying and installing these 10 new PRH devices in the CKGR.  This is a very meaningful and practical intervention with multiple long terms benefits, including but not limited to:
1.    Improved access to clean drinking water supplies, thereby reducing the time and effort normally expended by communities.
2.   Improved access to areas with nutritious supplies of wild plant foods (good for self-sufficiency and healthy immune systems) - access to which is normally compromised by lack of water.
3.   Reducing dependency on unreliable (temporary and generally unavailable) natural surface water and artificial water supplies (boreholes).
4.  Alleviation of the burden on Government through supplementation of water supplies usually trucked to the villages each month over vast distances and at great cost.
5.  Reduced environmental impact related to water provision:  reduced need for bulk water transportation and/or drilling of new boreholes (and associated carbon foot print).
6.   Provision of an ideal climate change coping mechanism under conditions of increasing solar evaporation and increasingly unpredictable rainfall regimes where all rainfall must be efficiently captured and safely protected from evaporation.

As everywhere else, rapid changes are taking place here in Botswana as a result of the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism booking cancellations have forced most safari operators to close their camps and lay off most of their staff.  Community based tourism initiatives in the remoter areas have also been affected, translating to loss of valuable livelihood income. 

To mitgate this impact in our project areas in the Kalahari habitat areas, it is vital for other livelihood income sources - such as that provided through KWT's wildlife monitoring program (community patrols of remote habitats in NG3), and the NG3 wildlife boreholes maintenance program - to be maintained as alternative sources of income. 

Obviously it is also vital to keep these activities going for conservation reasons too, and to counter the growing threats to Ju/hoansi San territorial lands posed by land-grabbers and poaching syndicates.  In that regard we are also liaising closely with the Department of Widlife and National Parks and other agencies to monitor and report on any potential threats.  Community presence and activity is in itself a deterrent and does help to keep these pristine lands and their migratory wildlife populations protected.

As the rainy season draws to an end, the NG3 boreholes will again become increasingly critical as alternative water sources for migratory wildife, as this wildlife runs an increasingly risky gaunlet in trying to find water in the populated areas long the periphery of the Western Okavango Delta. 

Needless to say, the alternative water supplies in NG3 are also vital to elephants under increasing pressure in surrounding areas from poachers, licensed hunters (covid-19 providing some respite by delaying their arrival), and conflict with farmers over water sources in the populated areas.  So we simply have to keep these boreholes operational with the active support and involvement of the local communities in NG3.  Donor support for these activities is now in critical need, so any donations no matter how small will be welcome and we have opened a USD account to make this easy and cheap to do if you are based outside of Botswana (to donate please click here).

The San and Kgalagadi communities are amongst the most vulnerable to COVID-19 due to the elders in particular having in many instances already compromised respiratory systems. The elders also possess most of the surviving ancient hunter-gatherer knowledge.  So we have to act really fast to help protect them and their communities.  As part of our preparation efforts we will be assisting the more remote communities in geographically isolating themselves from the main settlements where the virus has the potential to rapidly spread. 

The portable rain harvesters we are setting up in remote areas rich in wild plant foods (CKGR and Western Ngamiland in particular NG3) has the added advantage of promoting self-sufficiency and access to good nutrition (to help strengthen immune systems). Also, by disbursing payments for project activities locally where they live, and in goods they have specifically requested, the need to visit the settlements to try to find employment and/or purchase goods using cash (thus exposing them to high risk of infection), is also dramatically reduced.  But we need to act fast on this and again, donations are also need to support these efforts.

Lastly, for your interest here are some photos of work currently underway inside the Central Kalahari Game Reserve where we are busy installing Portable Rain Harvesters at all the San / Kgalagadi villages.  These will become increasingly important in ensuring more reliable supplies of clean drinking water, as climate change and economic slow-down increasingly compromises existing water supplies from boreholes (only one currently exists in the CKGR and its yield is declining) and from the monthly water deliveries by Council water bowsers, which transport water over vast distances at huge cost.

In late August 2019, the Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources Conservation & Tourism announced an "open hunting season" starting from 3rd of September 2019 and ending on 30th of November 2019.  This was shortly followed by the public release of the 2019 hunting quota and the commencement of licensed citizen hunting operations on the 1st of November 2019.  The 2019 quota had allocated numbers for a wide range of wildlife species and for different areas around the country, including NG3 where KWT's primary community conservation project is located.

Faced with this alarming development, KWT and the affected NG3 communities (from August through to October) then engaged with the Ministry asking it not go ahead as planned.  Amongst the motivations put forward were that: 
-  Consultation with affected community stakeholders in NG3 had not yet taken place;
-  Hunting in NG3 was against the wishes of the affected community as it threatens their conservation / tourism activities & goals:
-  NG3's existing, drought-stressed wildlife populations could not sustain the proposed offtake levels;
- Hunting would cause an increase in aggressive behaviour in resident elephants thereby posing a danger to people.   

These efforts were unfortunately to no avail in reversing the decision.  Faced with the prospect of an invasion of hunters licensed to go anywhere in NG3, KWT's efforts in late October and November were then directed towards trying to persuade the professional hunter assigned to lead 5 of the 7 elephant hunting license holders, to not hunt in the core project area.  KWT and the community also undertook intensive monitoring in the field during the November 2019 hunting period and pleaded with the DWNP to not allow hunters to drive north of Dobe border gate due to the risk of hunting promoting more aggressive behaviour in elephants. Although the hunters did not attempt to hunt in the core project area, the Community's request that DWNP not allow hunters to the north of Dobe gate, were ignored and 2 elephants were shot close to the border fence north of Dobe gate (including a collared bull).

Long-lasting damage has now been done to the age structure of the resident elephant population (est. at less than 100 animals) due to the hunting of 7 of the largest and oldest elephant bulls.  One of the effects has indeed been a noticeable increase in aggressive behaviour and two near fatal charges by elephant bulls on community members.  The incidents took place on the 8th December 2019 and on the 20th January 2020 and involved unprovoked attacked by bulls on community members walking through the bush.  These are as a direct consequence of the November 2019 hunting activities as the only known unprovoked attack prior to November 2019 was in September 2017, when a wounded bull elephant from Namibia crossing over the fenceline intercepted two community elders on their way back to their village.  It is clear that as far as NG3 is concerned shooting at elephants creates problem elephants.   

Much to the relief of the NG3 stakeholders however, the DWNP in December decided to set the 2020 quota for NG3 to zero for all species including elephant, meaning that there will be no legal hunting pressure on wildlife inside NG3 in the 2020 hunting season (i.e. April to September).  Unfortunately only NG3 will be spared as all the surrounding areas will still be hunted in.

Our aim is to persaude Government to implement no hunting zones in critical areas in NG2 and NG8 as well, so as to create a "hunting free corridor" linking Kaudom N.P with the Okavango Delta.  Crucial to this are the new wildlife boreholes in NG3, which are vital watering points for all migratory wildlife in Western Ngamiland including elephants.  Furthermore, NG3 is currently the only safe refuge area available to elephants anywhere west of the Okavango Delta where they can escape disturbance from hunters.   Urgent financial support is needed to enable KWT and the community members to maintain the new wildlife boreholes and protect them and the surrouding habitat areas from the growing threat posed by criminal syndicates, poachers and hunters.